How to make Line follower robot without using microcontroller

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Line follower robot

Hi there,
This post is about making a line follower robot using LM358 IC, transistors and few components to detect the black coloured line. I won't be using any complex circuitry or any advanced controller. This project can be made with some knowledge of working of transistors as a switch, principle and working of op-amps and the basic principle of the light-dependent resistor (LDR).

Requirements:

The components required for this project are as follows:

* The above components can be bought from Xorfire store.
Want full kit for the project, contact:
mail: info@xorfire.com
ph:9092661104

Principle of LDR

The light dependent resistor is a type of sensor whose resistance increases with increase in the amount of light incident on it. In the project, I am using white LEDs for the purpose of incident light. When both of the sensors are on the white surface, the reflected light from LEDs falls on the sensors making it move straight. When either of the sensors gets on the black line, the motor connected to that side stops working and results in turning of the robot.

Working of LM358

LM358 IC is a type of operational amplifier(op-amp) having 2 op-amps in it. The output from LDRs is compared with the set value in inverting pin s of the op-amp by means of a potential divider. So, if the resultant value of inverting and the non-inverting pin is positive, the op-amp gives output otherwise it gives no output.

Working of the ROBOT

The outputs of the op-amp are connected to the base of bc548 transistors which are working in common emitter configuration. They get on and off depending on the output of the op-amp. the motors are connected between +V and collectors of the transistors, so they start working according to the state of the transistors.

Making the Circuit

Connect the electronic components on the breadboard as shown in the image.
Eagle CAD circuit of LFR

Breadboard circuit

Testing Robot


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